The Effects of the Cold War in Asia Essay Example for Free

The Effects of the Cold War in Asia Essay The virus war was the name given to the monetary, political, military and ideological contention that occurred between the United States and its partners and the Soviet Union and their partners after World War II. The two powers never legitimately occupied with military activity in light of the fact that both had atomic weapons that whenever utilized, would have had destroying ramifications for the two sides. Then again, intermediary wars were battled. An intermediary war results when contradicting powers utilize outsiders alternative for battling each other and is normally started by a force that doesn't itself take an interest. The Korean and Vietnam wars are two instances of intermediary wars on the grounds that the U. S. also, the Soviet Union didn't connect one another be that as it may, Soviet endeavors to spread and bring together both Korea and Vietnam under socialist principle incited mediation either by the United States or potentially by their partners. Another case of socialist expansionism is the Malayan crisis that endured from 1948-1960 which brought about a guerrilla rebellion focused on an autonomous socialist Malaya. These three occasions were only a couple of impacts of the virus war in Asia. This exposition will talk about every occasion exclusively and in more detail and endeavor to persuade perusers that the Korean and Vietnam wars and the Malayan crisis were the immediate consequences of Soviet endeavors to grow socialist principle in Asia and the United States and their allies’ strategy of forestalling and containing such moves. The Korean War The Japanese control of Korea finished following 35 years when they gave up to both Soviet and American powers in 1945. The arrangement for the eventual fate of Korea was to hold free and reasonable races and set up a popularity based Korean government. Meanwhile, the Soviets and the Americans consented to involve the nation as a trusteeship. Korea was then isolated at the 38th equal the U. S. involved the South and the Soviets involved the North. In 1948, two separate governments were built up the Democratic People’s Republic under socialist standard in the North, and the Republic of Korea in the South. Sunday June 25th 1950, North Korea started its assault on South Korea (with the help of the Soviet Union) beginning with an hour and a half gunnery flood and afterward a full intrusion of North Korean tanks and infantry over the 38th equal into South Korea. The United Nations immediately denounced the intrusion and demanded the North stop their development and retreat. At the point when it was obvious that the North was not agreeing to this interest, President Truman, on June 27th approved the United States Navy and Air Force to help South Korea. The U. N. gave the United States the position to pick the preeminent officer who might lead the partnered mission. President Truman picked General Douglas MacArthur who was experienced and thought about an American war legend. On June 28th, three days after the attack Seoul, the South Korean capital was taken over by the North Korean powers. On June 30th, President Truman charged the utilization of American soldiers in South Korea. At last, 16 part countries would contribute powers to the crucial repulsing the North Koreans. During the main long stretches of the war, the socialist North took Seoul and proceeded with their attack Southward with little trouble. The South Korean armed force and U. N. powers were pushed back to Busan †a territory situated at the southeastern most tip of Korea. On September fifteenth 1950, MacArthur propelled a challenging yet vital associated counteroffensive including around 70,000 soldiers at Inchon. This motivation behind this arrival was twofold †first, find the North Koreans napping and second, upset the two interchanges and flexibly lines. Presently off endless supply of MacArthur’s counteroffensive, the North Koreans started to withdraw. This permitted the â€Å"cornered† South Korean armed force and U. N. powers at Busan to walk north and get together with the other U. N. powers. By early October 1950, all U. N. powers were together at the 38th equal. In spite of the fact that it created the impression that the Korean strategic a triumph, the war was a long way from being done. Endorsed by both the U. N. nd the Joint Chiefs of Staff, South Korean soldiers and U. N. powers crossed the 38th equal into North Korea. The People’s Republic of China cautioned U. N. troops that in the event that they crossed the 38th equal, they would enter the war. MacArthur nonetheless, consoles President Truman who is troubled over the news that they would not enter the war. Be that as it may, on November 23rd 1950, around 200,000 Chinese soldiers crossed the Yalu River and assaulted U. N. powers inciting an intense retreat and a quick pull back of troops. By December 24th 1950, the naval force cleared roughly 100,000 U. N. what's more, South Korean soldiers and generally the same number of displaced people. General Matthew B. Ridgeway supplanted General Walton Walker who kicked the bucket toward the finish of December 1950. His organization started Christmas day and he initiated the modifying of the Eighth Army. Seoul, which had been recovered by U. N. powers in October, was relinquished toward the beginning of January 1951. By the by, by March 27th 1951, the Eighth Army reclaimed Seoul and arrived at the 38th equal. In November 1952, the United Nations changed their arrangement towards the war and endorsed a protective technique. Be that as it may, the war entered a halt both strategically and militarily. In January 1953, Dwight Eisenhower succeeded Harry Truman as President of the United States. Resolved to determine the halt and end the Korean War, he took steps to utilize atomic weapons against China on the off chance that they didn't consent to a serene arrangement. At last, following three years of contention, a peace negotiation was marked on July 27th 1953. Losses were high for all gatherings included †an expected 33,741 Americans executed in real life and 103,284 injured. South Korean numbers are a lot higher †59,000 executed in real life and 291,000 injured. U. N. orces that incorporate Australia, United Kingdom, Canada and New Zealand lost 1,263 and 4,817 injured. Remaining U. N. powers including Belgium, Columbia, Ethiopia, France, Greece, the Netherlands, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and Turkey endured 1,800 murdered in real life and 7,000 injured. North Korean and Chinese losses are not satisfactory, however gauges are 500,000 murdered and 1,000,000 injured. With the help of both the Soviet Union and China, North Korea attacked South Korea to oust the administration, assuming responsibility for the South and binding together the whole landmass under socialist principle. In any case, this procedure fizzled in light of the fact that the global network reacted. Tragically, the war didn't settle the question of unification and impacts of this are still felt today in both North and South Korea. In spite of the fact that it is hard to decide the victor, assuming any, of this war, unmistakably the reaction of both the United Nations and United States was to contain the spread of socialism. Maybe, the main party that could guarantee triumph is the Chinese. Chinese powers were effective in constraining partnered troops out of North Korea and over the 38th equal. China would now assume a huge job later on harmony talks. The Vietnam War The French had once in the past involved Vietnam preceding 1940 when Japan attacked portions of the nation. Presently, Vietnam needed to remote occupiers †the French and the Japanese. In August 1945, Japan gave up to unified powers. This gave Vietnamese patriots drove by Ho Chi Minh the chance to declare the freedom of Vietnam. Be that as it may, the French were resolved to recover control of the nation. This prompted a bleeding war between the Vietnamese patriots and the French in November 1945. The most disturbing for the United States was that the Vietnamese patriots, the Viet Minh, was a socialist development. By and by, it was not until 1950, when the Soviet Union and China perceived the Viet Minh that validated American premonitions, uncovering Ho Chi Minh, in secretary of state Dean Achesons words, â€Å"in his real nature as the human adversary of local freedom in Indochina. † A worry among US authorities was that US interests were in question if Vietnam turned into a socialist nation. In this manner, in 1950, the US gave financial help to the French exertion in Vietnam. In any case, in 1954, France pulled back from Vietnam after a noteworthy annihilation at Dien Bien Phu. In July 1954, an understanding was reached at the Geneva gathering that briefly separated Vietnam at the seventeenth equal. The Viet Minh drove by Ho Chi Minh would control the North and powers, for example, the United States who supported the French would control the south. The understanding additionally called for national decisions to be held by July 1956 to rejoin the nation under one government. The United States notwithstanding, differ and wouldn't acknowledge the understanding stressed the Communists would win and join Vietnam under socialism. On the off chance that Vietnam got socialist, it was accepted among US authorities that encompassing nations would likewise become socialist †this was known as the domino hypothesis. In this way, with the assistance of the United States, decisions were done yet just in South Vietnam. June 18, 1954 Ngo Dinh Diem was chosen as the main leader of South Vietnam sponsored by the United States. Anyway by 1960, numerous Vietnamese started feeling abused by Diems administration and sorted out the National Liberation Front (NFL) otherwise called the Viet Cong that would battle against both the South Vietnamese government and United States powers. When Lyndon Johnson became president in November 1963 after John F. Kennedys death, he started sending help to the recently framed government. On August 2, 1964, two US warships were assaulted by North Vietnamese gunboats in global waters known as the Gulf of Tonkin episode. Accordingly, Johnson approached Congress for the position to do whatever it took to withstand any further assaults from the North Vietnamese against US powers. Congress endorsed Johnsons r

Central Line Associated Infection Rates in USA

Question: 1: Writing a presentation .The presentation gives a nitty gritty see of the substance of the paper. 2: Calculates Central Line Associated Infection (CLABSI) rates from any emergency clinic in USA and clarifies importance of figurings. Compose the meaning of Incidence rates, Prevalence rates Incidence thickness rates, Attack rates, and Explanations of rates. Additionally, compose Formulas for every count that is utilized to figure the beneath definitions. Equation must be remembered for the paper too. Counts include: Used recipe must be compose. 1. Rate rates. 2. Pervasiveness rates. 3. Rate thickness rates. 4. Assault rates 3: Compares determined rates above with National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) information. 4: The synopsis incorporates a nitty gritty passage of what was introduced in the paper. Answer: Presentation Medicinal services related diseases are most regularly happening rates nowadays and have a pace of 5% in United States of America consistently. CLABSI is one of the genuine diseases that are generally brought about by the section of germs in the circulatory system through focal line for e g. Addition of catheter and so on. As indicated by the advancement report got from HAI (social insurance related contaminations), among the national intense consideration medical clinics, A noteworthy decay has been found with half lessening in CLABSIs from 2008 to 2014 and in the drawn out intense consideration emergency clinics there is 9% decline somewhere in the range of 2013 and 2014. It is likewise found in investigates that the pace of some focused on CLABSIs can diminish by 70% if the medicinal services offices, care groups, specialists and attendants know about such irresistible issues and outfitted with the necessary activity to forestall such contaminations and a major number of clinics h ave found a way to decrease such rates. (Marsteller, 2014) CLABSI Rates in USA Hospitals Consistently in United States, about 5% of the hospitalized patients are influenced with HAIs out of which mortality of 12-25% has been accounted for to be the instances of CLABSIs which is significant, destructive and generally preventable. According to report from the communities for malady control and anticipation (CDC), there are a major number of patients who are experiencing such contaminations in the ICUs at huge medical clinics of United States of America. In year 2001, roughly 43,000 instances of CLABSIs occurred between the patients hospitalized in ICUs in the United States of America and this number diminished to 18,000 in schedule year 2009. This is huge decrease in such diseases being occurred in emergency clinics of USA. (Pronovost, 2006) The patients hospitalized in ICUs gain a greater danger of CLABSI on the grounds that 48 out of 100 patients of them have contaminated from focal venous catheters which results into in excess of 15 million focal lines for each year in the ICUs of emergency clinics in United States of America. According to reports, around twenty 8,000 (28,000) patients bite the dust yearly in clinics of United States of America from CLABSI and there are various endeavors taken each day to diminish this sum. CLABSI Rate Calculation The pace of focal line circulation system disease rate is determined by partitioning the tally of focal line partner circulatory system contaminations by the focal line days and afterward duplicating them by one thousand (1000). It is determined when the contamination of the patient is affirmed by a lab inside 48 hours before the advancement of BSI and there is no disease recognized at some other site. To get the CLABSI rate determined it must meet 3 essential measures: Understanding must have a pathogen in its way of life from at least one blood societies taken. Any of the side effect (fever, chills or hypotension) must be available in the patient to guide him/her to be viewed as CLABSI. On the off chance that the patient is seen as old enough short of what one year then the side effects like fever, hypothermia, apnoea or bradycardia must be available to go for CLABSI conclusion. Model: In Hospital ABC, 5 patients have been distinguished with pathogen out of 110 patients hospitalized in the ICU, while all out number of patients conceded in emergency clinic were 1135 during period January 2016, out of which nobody was old enough under 1 year. The all out populace rewarded in the emergency clinic during most recent 2 years is 12450. Frequency rates Occurrence rate is the resultant of the recurrence with which an ailment happens in a populace over a specific range of time. It very well may be estimated as beneath:- Rate rates = (new rates involving during a given timeframe/all out populace on chance during a similar timespan) For given model, Rate = (5/110) x 100 % = 4.54% This is close to the national pace of frequencies. Commonness rates Commonness rate is the level of people in a populace who have distinguished with a specific infection at a particular time. Commonness rate = (every new case and pre-dynamic cases during a timeframe/complete populace during a similar timespan) For given model, Commonness rate = (5/1135) x 100 % = 0.44 % Occurrence thickness rates It is the proportion of number of ailments happening over a populace at a specific timeframe. Occurrence thickness = (number of ailment beginning)/(aggregate of individual time @ chance) For instance, the quantity of infections beginning at the hour of hospitalization is 13 in the time of 2years At that point, 13/(12450-2) = 13/12448 = 0.10% This shows the normal pace of patients with frequency thickness is especially as per the NHSN. Assault Rates It is the proportion of new cases in a populace in a particular timespan isolated by the populace in danger toward the get-go period increases by 100. Assault rates = (number of new cases saw at a timeframe/complete populace in danger) * 100 For instance, number of new cases watched are 46 Complete populace in danger is 12450 Accordingly, (46/12450) * 100% = 0.36 % This is leveled out according to the information got from NHSN. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Data Comparison All the cases watching CLABSI in the clinics of USA are submitted into the national database. These records are either entered straightforwardly or through CDC and NHSN .in 2009 yearly study, around 20 states were exposed to be the piece of a venture in the period of may and September, for the evaluation purposes. From the investigation of recorded information these qualities rolled in from which are referenced in the table beneath. Normal CLABSI Rates with units revealing during ANY of the five timespans Information nitty gritty intelligent of information entered as of October 7, 2010. Done by NHSN Standard a year preceding mediation cycle 1 Months 1-3 post mediation cycle 2 Months 4-6 post mediation cycle 3 Months 7-9 post mediation cycle 4 Months 10-15 post mediation taking an interest States 20 20 20 20 20 Detailing units 384 436 435 434 402 Normal CLABSI per unit 3.12 0.93 0.72 0.65 0.64 Normal CL days per unit 1680 510 508 507 556 Normal BSI rate 1.80 1.64 1.31 1.14 1.17 95% certainty span (1.53 , 2.08) (1.39 , 1.89) (1.09 , 1.53) (0.94 , 1.35) (0.89 , 1.44) Change from baseline* NA - 0.19 - 0.53 - 0.61 - 0.59 @ 95% certainty span (- 0.58, 0.20) (- 0.89,- 0.17) (- 0.97,- 0.25) (- 1.01,- 0.17) * Calculated on unpaired evaluation of unit rates between timespans Rundown A decrease in the quantity of CLABSIs is seen somewhere in the range of 2001 and 2009 from 3.64% to 1.65%.the national venture group is exceptionally alert in leading these undertakings in future likewise in order to inspect the adjustment in values for such sort of diseases. This will empower to make anticipation mindfulness at an increasingly dynamic level. In the previously mentioned information obviously in many pieces of United States these sort of irresistible sicknesses are normal however are as a rule quickly controlled additionally because of abrupt and speedy estimations taken by the national human services security arrange. In 2001, an expected number of 43,000 CLABSI patients were enlisted or conceded in ICUs in United States though in 2009 this number got exceptionally diminished to 23,000 which is a decent 58% decrease found in United States. (Richard, 1999) References Berenholtz, S., Lubomski, L., Weeks, K., Goeschel, C., Marsteller, J., Pham, J. et al. (2014). Taking out Central LineAssociated Bloodstream Infections: A National Patient Safety Imperative.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol,35(01), 56-62. https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/674384 Pronovost, P., Needham, D., Berenholtz, S., Sinopoli, D., Chu, H., Cosgrove, S. et al. (2006). An Intervention to Decrease Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections in the ICU.New England Journal of Medicine,355(26), 2725-2732. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa061115 Richards, M., Edwards, J., Culver, D., Gaynes, R. (1999). Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Units in the United States.PEDIATRICS,103(4), e39-e39. https://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.103.4.e39 Essential Signs: Central LineAssociated Blood Stream InfectionsUnited States, 2001, 2008, and 2009. (2011).Annals of Emergency Medicine,58(5), 447-450. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.07.035

Psychoanalytical Approach Essay

?1. Psychoanalytical Criticism ?2. Psychoanalytical analysis is a sort ofcriticism that utilizes hypotheses of brain science to investigate writing. It centers around theauthor’s perspective or the condition of the psyche of anecdotal characters. ?3. Sigmund FreudPsychoanalytical analysis began in the workof Sigmund Freud. Freud’s speculations areconcerned with the idea of the unconsciousmind. As per Freud, the human mindconsists of three sections: the id, the self image andsuperego. ? The id is wellspring of our instinctual and physical wants. ? The superego is the piece of the mind that has disguised the standards and mores of society. ? The sense of self is continues intervening between the requests of the id and the superego. It is levelheaded, intelligent, and cognizant. ?4. Constraint? We regularly curb what the id urges us to think and do in light of the fact that the inner self and superego advise us not to think and do, in this manner driving these unsatisfactory wishes into the oblivious. We all have curbed wishes and fears.? Quelled wants rise in masked structures: dreams and language (slips). They rise in representative structure that requireâ analysis to uncover their importance.? Numerous components of brain research that Freud depicted show up in abstract works. ?5. Freudian Literary Criticism? Freudian pundits attempt to see how the activities of suppression structure or illuminate the work They give close consideration to oblivious thought processes and emotions, regardless of whether these be those of the creator, or of the characters portrayed in the work.? They exhibit the nearness in the abstract work of great psychoanalytic manifestations or conditions. ?6. Carl Gustav Jung and Jungian artistic Criticism? Jung built up the hypothesis of the aggregate oblivious, an assortment of shared oblivious recollections going back to the sources of human experience and showed in dreams, fantasies, and writing.? An extraordinary work of writing is definitely not a hidden articulation of curbed wishes, however an appearance of the wants one held by the entire human race, and now quelled due to the coming of development.? Jungian investigation of writing attempts to find the pictures in a work of writing that a changeless and all inclusive essentialness. ?7. Harold Bloom and the tension of InfluenceThe most significant contemporary mental criticis Harold Bloom. Blossom utilizes the Freudian idea ofrepression to apply it to scholarly history as a rule. Nopoet makes in disengagement from his ancestors. In TheAnxiety of Influence, he contends that poetsunconsciously misread the sonnets of their greatpredecessors. The new sonnets are essentiallyrewritings of sonnets by a dad figure antecedent. Writers continue battling to liberate themselves from thisinfluence of father-figure artists.

Free Essays on Richard Henry Lee

of his, loaded with ideals and energy, the provinces were en route to pronouncing autonomy from Britain and turning into the United States of America. In the years paving the way to and following the Declaration of Independence, Richard Henry Lee battled for the freedom all things considered, carrying solidarity and ethical quality to the settlements while attempting to characterize the United States. For his reliable commitments and impacts in a wide range of zones, Richard Henry Lee was the individual generally answerable for the American Revolution. Richard Henry Lee’s commitment to the American reason, which he accepted to be based on temperance regardless of anything else, was the reason for his strikingly early and dynamic reaction to Britain’s overhauled royal approaches on the states. To Lee, the advantage that characterized America was benevolence for the better of all general public. This thought became Lee’s inspiration and, right now in a political situation in the House of Burgesses when the Revolution had started, drove him to take a firm remain against the Acts passed by Parliament. In 1764, â€Å"Lee admitted himself so warmed by Britain’s plan to force a stamp charge that he could barely contain his rage.† (Maier, 179) He accepted that Britain was abusing their privileges just as the English Constitution by rejecting Americans the option to be administered by their own laws, and burdening without their assent. Well before any significant Patriot uprisings created, Richard Henry Le e had his foot in the entryway, ready to do whatever it was going to take to reestablish reason and equity among Britain and the settlements. Besides, Lee’s open activities in resisting Britain’s limitations on the provinces assisted with filling in as motivation for different Americans to dissent too... Free Essays on Richard Henry Lee Free Essays on Richard Henry Lee One of the incomparable American progressives once announced, â€Å"These United Colonies are, and of right should be free and autonomous States.† That man was Richard Henry Lee of Virginia. With these enduring expressions of his, brimming with prudence and enthusiasm, the provinces were en route to announcing autonomy from Britain and turning into the United States of America. In the years paving the way to and following the Declaration of Independence, Richard Henry Lee battled for the freedom everything being equal, carrying solidarity and ethical quality to the settlements while attempting to characterize the United States. For his reliable commitments and impacts in a wide range of zones, Richard Henry Lee was the individual generally liable for the American Revolution. Richard Henry Lee’s commitment to the American reason, which he accepted to be based on righteousness to the exclusion of everything else, was the reason for his eminently early and dynamic reaction to Britain’s changed royal approaches on the states. To Lee, the advantage that characterized America was altruism for the better of all general public. This thought became Lee’s inspiration and, as of now in a political situation in the House of Burgesses when the Revolution had started, drove him to take a firm remain against the Acts passed by Parliament. In 1764, â€Å"Lee admitted himself so warmed by Britain’s plan to force a stamp charge that he could scarcely contain his rage.† (Maier, 179) He accepted that Britain was damaging their privileges just as the English Constitution by declining Americans the option to be administered by their own laws, and burdening without their assent. Some time before any significant Patriot uprisings created, Rich ard Henry Lee had his foot in the entryway, ready to do whatever it was going to take to reestablish reason and equity among Britain and the settlements. Moreover, Lee’s open activities in challenging Britain’s limitations on the settlements assisted with filling in as motivation for different Americans to dissent also...

Preaching to the Congregation

Preaching to the Congregation When you call yourselves The Minimalists, people love to give you a hard time. They find it necessary to point out every irony, every seeming incongruity, every gotcha momentâ€"everything they think makes  our way of living wrong, in an effort unnecessarily justifying their lifestyle. For example When our article, The New Minimalism: Less Is Definitely More, made the cover of Elle  magazine next to a picture of Victoria Beckham, people asked why we would agree to an interview with an organ whose same issue featured an article titled “Shop Now!” A woman at a recent event last December asked us about a newspaper interview in which we discussed minimalism, even though next to our two-page spread was a Mercedes Benz advertisement. And now, in the summer of 2013, as we prepare for our a few tour stops in Alberta, people want to know why our Edmonton event’ll be held at a bookstore that happens to be in one of the world’s largest shopping malls. The answer to each little cavil is simple We believe in our message. So much so that we’ve dedicated our lives to sharing that message with the world.  We know that other people believe, too. These people already understand the power of simple living. That’s great, but we don’t need to focus all our efforts to reach those folks. Doing so is tantamount to preaching to the choir. While were jump-for-joy grateful for all attending choir members (yallre awesome!), we know they don’t need our message as much as new congregation members, first-timers with whom we want  to share the happiness, contentment, and freedom that minimalism has brought to our lives. And what better place to broadcast our message than in the belly of the beast?  Why not let our message ring out among the massesâ€"amid the shiny chattels, the chinging cash registers, the high-priced advertisements. Why not let people choose their own path once they’re presented two different POVs from two sides of the Consumption Continuum. Which in fact means were not preaching at all. We know that everyone has different needs, and were simply presenting options and letting people decide for themselves.  Besides, The Minimalists aren’t against ordinary consumption; that’d be silly. We’re at odds only with compulsory consumption and unintentional living. Accordingly, we’re sometimes forced to take the war to the opposition’s doorstep. That opposition, however, isnt the magazines or the advertisers or even the shopping malls. The opposition is usâ€"who we are inside when were living without purpose, without deliberate thought, searching, unaware of life’s real potential once we get past our years of cultural programming. Once we wake up, thoughâ€"once we open our eyes and see the benefits of a more meaningful lifeâ€"all the ads and glowing rectangles in the world won’t faze us. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Concluding Ambiguity in Brave New World - Literature Essay Samples

In his novel Brave New World, Aldous Huxley uses acute detail and comprehensive explanation to convey theme and symbolism. His use of explicit interpretation provides readers with a forthright account of emotion, thought, and opinion of not just characters, but of the meaning of the novel as a whole. Huxley’s writing style and tone are representative of the exact and specific world in which the story takes place, the â€Å"World State†, where every aspect of citizens’ lives are controlled, down to even the color they wear. Though this style is effective in describing aspects of the state, Huxley pairs it with a certain ambiguity to cast shadow over the denouement of his novel, leaving readers in uncertainty that may be confused with inadequacy. â€Å"Just under the crown of the arch dangled a pair of feet . . . Slowly, very slowly, like two unhurried compass needles, the feet turned towards the right; north, north-east, east, south-east, south, south-south-west; then paused, and, after a few seconds, turned as unhurriedly back towards the left. South-south-west, south, south-east, east†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley appropriately concludes his novel with the vague description of John’s suicide, as it provides closure through irony, shows finality using poetic language, and denotes emotion through symbolism. As Huxley’s novel is composed of distinct detail, his contrasting, ambiguous conclusion incorporates irony to opportunely end the novel by illustrating the view of death in Brave New World. The lack of explicit mention of John’s death contributes to the tone earlier set in the novel that dying is not a big deal, but rather a cause for treats. The use of the phrase â€Å"dangled a pair of feet† does not directly state John’s death, but provides enough detail for readers to assume his suicide. This signifies that death is not acknowledged in the new world, that it is, generally speaking, ignored. John’s death is not viewed as significant in the novel because the characters have been conditioned not to associate it with negative emotion, though as readers, we do. This contrast provides an appropriate conclusion because it reestablishes the theme of suffering, or lack thereof in the society. Along with the incomplete reaction to his death is the acknowl edgement of the theme of freedom and confinement, as John chooses to leave the new world he is introduced to and found to despise through hanging himself. Suicide is never mentioned throughout the novel, and is very well an idea the citizens of the World State are not even aware of. The irony of the use of suicide and its uncertain and rash nature show John’s hasty escape from the world and its confinement through a rather explicit, yet ambiguous fashion. Huxley’s ironic use of shadowed detail provides contrast as well as closure to the novel, and appropriately concludes Brave New World, because it powerfully incorporates the theme of suffering, as well as freedom and confinement. Another major theme of the novel, technology and acuteness, is shown in Huxley’s simile of John’s feet as a compass. â€Å"Slowly, very slowly, like two unhurried compass needles, the feet turned towards the right; north, north-east, east, south-east, south, south-south-west; then paused, and, after a few seconds, turned as unhurriedly back towards the left. South-south-west, south, south-east, east†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This comparison may lead readers to the idea of technology, a compass, and acuteness, the ongoing description of his feet using the cardinal directions. Not only does this quotation provide a final innuendo to the World State and all its values and truths, but to John’s conformity, even in death, to a world he despised but could not escape any other way than through suicide. The simile Huxley uses depicts a finality to his novel, not only through John’s demise, but through the final allegiance to technology and the World State. This certitude len ds a sense of desperateness and unease to John’s suffering not recognized in the new world, for their conditioned ignorance does not allow them to identify with loneliness. This isolation, reiterated by his death, shows that in the new world, all that is different dies. The ambiguous simile used to describe John’s death provides significant conclusion to Brave New World not only through mention to conformity to the state, but through John’s isolation and his identification with readers rather than citizens of the state, in his finality, his escape from the â€Å"brave new world†. Throughout the novel, Huxley uses rhythm as a symbol for violence; John repeatedly yells â€Å"impudent strumpet† at Lenina when she takes her clothes off and he beats her for being a whore. Lenina comments on the rhythmic drums when her and Bernard first arrive at the savage reservation, along with the rhythmic whipping of the savage for salvational religious purposes. Most explicit in the novel is the description of the â€Å"orgy-porgy†, during which they â€Å"[beat] one another in six-eight time.† Similarly, the use of rhythm to denote violence is also present in the ending, as the repetitiveness of his feet represent the violent, however ambiguous, ending John faced. â€Å". . . the feet turned towards the right; north, north-east, east, south-east, south, south-south-west; then paused, and, after a few seconds, turned as unhurriedly back towards the left. South-south-west, south, south-east, east†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Although the new world is conditioned not to recognize death as significant nor particularly harsh, the symbolism used in his patterned wording allows readers to capture the emotion of his demise, as it is not passive as suggested by the text, but violent, providing a rightful response not capable by the new world. Huxley appropriately concludes his novel using rhythm as a symbol for violence as it induces emotion not capable to the society and its citizens, but to a careful reader. Aldous Huxley’s contrasting writing style is precise, well thought out, and symbolic in its structure. His effective writing employs every aspect of his work to emphasize the meaning and theme of Brave New World. Though Huxley’s words may seem vague compared to the rest of the novel, careful reading shows that the novel did not merely end; it concluded. Though ambiguous, the last page of the novel appropriately finished the story and left readers with a reiteration of theme and symbolism from throughout the text. In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley accordingly completes his novel with John’s suicide by engaging irony to show contrast, using poetic language to demonstrate entirety, and employing symbolism to create emotion.

Prohibition Of The Former Flint Brewery Building - 1138 Words

Ralph sits in the Pere Marquette rail depot in Flint, fidgeting with the lose button on his overcoat, and looking down at his shabby brown shoes. The morning sun is low and catches dust in its light as it shines through the windows. His eyes dart to the door every time it opens. He is expecting a cop to walk in at any moment. He is getting desperate and would look suspicious if it wasn’t for his overall gentle appearance. He gets up and checks the time tables for the fourth time and debates if he should inquire why the train is late. He walks to the window and watches the congregation gathering outside the Lakeview Methodist Episcopal Church, which ironically is housed in the former Flint Brewery building and has been since 1915, when†¦show more content†¦Walking that morning, something in Smith-Bridgman s Co store window caught his eye, in the display where a pair of red alligator skin shoes. These shoes intoxicated him and without a second thought Ralph went in t o buy them. The salesman said that they were one of a kind, sure to be the only pair in Flint. Ralph paid cash for the shoes and as store policy directed, a sales recite including Ralphs name and address was retained in the men’s departments as a record of sale. Ralph had gotten home and put the shoes on. They were a size to large and without question the nicest thing he had ever owned. Ralph needed to deliverer some gin to a house around noon and was excited to wear the new shoes out. Though he had never done a delivery before, he had sold to this guy plenty of times at Atwood. He packaged up the gin and headed out just before noon to travel the few blocks to the customer’s house wearing the new red shoes. About a block from the house Ralph saw the two foot patrol cops step out of Alvord’s Market. They waited for him to pass then flowed behind him. Ralph was worried but talked himself down. He had packaged the gin to look like bread and the house was just around the corner, besides he didn’t recognize them and they likely didn’t recognize him. He got to the house and went through the gate and around to the side door and knocked; no answer. He knocked again and stepped back to make sure the cops had passed. They were standing justShow MoreRelatedEssay on Heineken Business Analyses15259 Words   |  62 Pagesstill closely involved in the company. Globally, Heineken is in the top 5 of the largest breweries and in Holland they are the largest brewer. Heineken NV is a Dutch multination in the beer- and beverage sector and operates in more than 170 countries. With a total beer volume of 125.8 million hectoliters in 2008, Heineken belongs to the largest breweries of t he world. The production takes place in 125 breweries in more than 70 countries. 1 1.2 Areas of current activities There are a few key reasonsRead MorePre-Columbian Period9302 Words   |  38 Pagesto the later development of the democratic United States government, a departure from the strong monarchies from which the Europeans came.[citation needed] [edit] North Americas Moundbuilder Culture A Mississippian priest, with a ceremonial flint mace. Artist Herb Roe, based on a repousse copper plate.Mound Builder is a general term referring to the American Indians who constructed various styles of earthen mounds for burial, residential and ceremonial purposes. These included Archaic, Woodland

The Force of Women in The Odyssey - 632 Words

The Force of Women in The Odyssey To the average person, The Odyssey is a Greek tale about a man, Odysseus, just trying to find his way home. However, it is much more than an entertaining tale of a man, gods, and monsters. It serves as a cultural exemplar of different kinds of people, roles, and relationships of ancient Greece, including the role of women. In The Odyssey, women are often portrayed as suasive and strong people, prime examples being Athena, Arete, and Penelope. Athena, the goddess of wisdom and battle, is the most powerful and influential non-human being in The Odyssey. Athena was the one to start Odysseus’s journey home. By stating that her heart broke for Odysseus, who was away from home for 20 years and had suffered much, Athena was able to convince Zeus to make Calypso release Odysseus, although it was against Poseidon’s wishes. Also, Athena could be credited with helping Telemachus become a true man instead of the boy he used to be. Disguised as Mentes, Athena’s advice to Telemachus about the suitors and his mother was to either drive the suitors away or throw his mother out of the house and take over the house. After this, Telemachus, for the first time, stood up to the suitors and told them to leave, or he would call the gods and Zeus would punish the suitors. However, as benevolent as she may seem, she is additionally unforgiving. When she had decided that all the suitors shall die, she stuck to it. Even when Athena told Odysseus to begShow MoreRelatedEssay on Women in The Odyssey702 Words   |  3 PagesWomen in The Odyssey In The Odyssey the main character, Odysseus, meets and entertains an impressive array of women. All of the women that he meets are very different and have different personalities and Homer clearly states his attitude towards each of the women. Some of the women are seen as essentially good or essentially bad. It is also clear that Homer adopts a sexist attitude towards the women in his novel. In The Odyssey women are generally portrayed as manipulative and deceitfulRead MoreSexual Fantasy Within The Odyssey1603 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Isser Montserrat September 22, 2015 Sexual Fantasy Within The Odyssey In the Odyssey, by Homer, Homer suggests that women can be seductive traps that prevent or delay men from reaching their goals. The women that Odysseus encounters on his journey home in The Odyssey all represent a different sexual fantasy figure in the eyes of a male, and serve as a distraction that he must work around. Although the three women that Odysseus encounters on his travels are desirable to him, the only thingRead MoreWomen in the Odyssey1646 Words   |  7 PagesWomen form an important part of each society, however their role and importance to its function are often times overlooked. Society is/was organized and directed by men. All of the most important positions and purposes within it`s routine were filled by males. This societal organization is often times reflected in many pieces of literature of various time periods, however there are texts in which contrary to the patriarchal society models, women are given substantial importance within the plot. Homer`sRead MoreWo men in the Odyssey by Homer Essay examples684 Words   |  3 PagesThe Odyssey by Homer encompasses a rather modern idea of women and their role for its time. Homer portrays women as creatures who are strong but are ultimately defeated. It is true that in most stories they are portrayed as being weaker, but the women in this poem are oddly strong or have a very strong presence. The three main examples are Calypso, Athena, and the Lotus Flower. Each of these examples has a predominant presence in The Odyssey making them sturdy objects. At first the goddess CalypsoRead More Women in The Odyssey Essay example1487 Words   |  6 PagesWomen play an influential role in The Odyssey. Women appear throughout the story, as goddesses, wives, princesses, or servants. The nymph Calypso enslaves Odysseus for many years. Odysseus desires to reach home and his wife Penelope. It is the goddess Athena who sets the action of The Odyssey rolling; she also guides and orchestrates everything to Odysseus’ good. Women in The Odyssey are divided into two classes: seductresses and helpmeets. By doing so, Homer demonstrates that women have the powerRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1599 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Iliad and The Odyssey, Homer has different portrayals of the roles that women play in each epic. These differences are so striking that some readers have even argued that there is a possibility that a woman could have created The Odyssey, modeled after Homer’s Iliad. In The Iliad we see women represented as war p rizes and slaves, vulnerabilities to men, and in positions of limited power. In The Odyssey however, we see women capturing men and keeping them as prizes, rising from a status ofRead More Important Role of Women in Homers Odyssey Essay examples1721 Words   |  7 Pages   For the Greeks, Homers Odyssey was much more than just an entertaining tale of gods, monsters, and men, it served as cultural paradigm from which every important role and relationship could be defined.   This book, much more so than its counter part The Iliad, gives an eclectic view of the Acheans peacetime civilization.   Through Odyssey, we gain an understanding of what is proper or improper in relationships between father and son, god and mortal, servant and master, guest and host, and--importantly--manRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer s Odyssey1267 Words   |  6 PagesLife in The Odyssey In The Odyssey, Odysseus is constantly being challenged. He is being challenged, so Homer can show us the standards for life in The Odyssey. There is no doubt that Odysseus is a great man, Homer even says so in the beginning lines of the text. Although Odysseus is a great man, he also makes mistakes but not any that he doesn t pay for. We learn the representation of life in The Odyssey through Odysseus challenges. Throughout the book, Odysseus specifically struggles with arroganceRead More Iliad Essay1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe Iliad and The Odyssey are two epic poems with both similar and different styles to the structure of the poems, as well as each poem having the same gods incorporated into the stories intervening with the day to day lives of the mortals. Greek poetry before Homer was all composed orally; therefore it is assumed that Homer’s works are the first written works of art (Joachim Latacz, page 15). Scholars who have spent extensive time researching the origin of Homer’s work cannot verify a specificRead MoreThe Double Standard: Women Cast into the Shadows of Men 1356 Words   |  6 PagesB.C. to today women have been pestered by the double standard. They have had to endure constant reminders that it is a mans world and they are just living in it. While women have tried to and continue to fight the double standard through various feminist movements overtime the problem still persists. The war on women, as some like to call it, is nothing new and judging by how long the double standard has been around, it seems unlikely that the bar of equality between men and women will ever be

Divergent Thinking Vs. Creative Thinking Essay - 1061 Words

Robinson states that divergent thinking is â€Å"not the same thing as creative thinking but that it is an essential capacity for creativity.Milena Segal Many believe that people are born with an innate level of creativity that is later on influenced by the environment in which they are raised. Schools are one of the most influential environments in which people spend an average of eight hours a day. Whether it be a public, private, or home school environment, these early surroundings that children are exposed to shape their creativity. As students, parents, and even teachers we dont realize the effects that the education system can have on ones creativity. The public education system is defined by two main ideas, what are the most†¦show more content†¦We can define creativity as the act of producing novel ideas that are perceived to be unique and useful in society. However because of our technological advancements our society undergoes vast and rapid changes. Oana DÄÆ'u-GaÅŸpar in her article â€Å"The Teacher’s Creative Attitudes – An Influence Factor Of The Students’ Creative Attitudes† stat es that because of these unavoidable problems â€Å" one needs a well-developed capacity to adapt to new situations and to find new ways to do things. In this context, creativity proves to be a very important resource that might help individuals to deal in a better way with social and technological changes†. So, why is it that our education system throws aside the development of the creative aspects of students? Many believe that creativity can be one of both things, a genius trait or a trade off. As Picasso stated before â€Å"we are all born with an innate ability for creativity, it is a matter of defining it†. Through a variety of research DÄÆ'u-GaÅŸpar states â€Å"that although some people have extreme levels of talent, everyone with normal human capacities is capable of producing creative work under the right circumstances†. The notion of trade-off comes from the idea of being able to excel in one area and diverge in another. However â€Å"there is no trade-off between creativity and productivity, efficiency, or work quality† ( Oana DÄÆ'u-GaÅŸpar, The Teacher’s Creative Attitudes). One does not correlate with the other, or take away onesShow MoreRelatedConvergent Vs Divergent Thinking1502 Words   |  7 Pagesway we solve problems, generate ideas, and process information; these two strategies are called convergent and divergent thinking. Our education system is mainly defined by a convergent style of thinking, which focuses on typical intelligence. â€Å"Convergent thinking is the practice of solving a problem quickly and efficiently, by choosing the single best solution from many. Divergent thinking, is taking a problem or â€Å"challenge,† and attempting to indicate all possible solutions, listing all of the waysRead MoreBusiness Results And The Laws Of Global Competition1671 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å" Creativity is just connecting things. When you ask creative people how they did something,they feel a little guilty because they did note rally do it,they just saw something.It seemed obvious to them after a while†- Steve Jobs. Several study does indicate close links between business results and creativity.It is also observed that several companies that do spend on creative thinking do usually defeat their rivals in growth. Due to the compatible was in today s businesses,the demand for creativityRead MoreUnmasking Theatre Design By Lynne Porter1714 Words   |  7 PagesPorter (Review) Every staging of a play is irreplaceably different and tackled in unique ways by creatives involved. Unmasking Theatre Design by Lynne Porter aims through exploration of various approaches to the creatives processes to decipher the key steps an aspiring designer can follow to create work which reaches its maximum potential. Through detailed analysis of every aspect of the design and creative processes, Porter creates a blueprint to understanding the theory behind this work and investigatesRead MoreThe Theories Of Maslow s Theory5216 Words   |  21 Pagesindustrial infrastructure has created a society that instills educators to simply drive in factual knowledge and test the efficiency of all students. However, many educators agree that this kind of testing leaves little room for engaging students in creative and innovative methodology, and also creates a fast-paced environment where the prescribed curriculum must be met within a short time frame. Most educational systems, such as in structional simulators, have little to no creativity outlet for novelRead MoreRole Of Play On Early Childhood Education2754 Words   |  12 Pagestension, and the relationship between the materials and successful design to achieve balance, stability and even aesthetic sensibility.† Psychologists recognize two major types of problems: Convergent problems have only one correct solution and divergent problems have many solutions. Because kids can put together blocks in a variety of ways, block play helps child development in the following domains: †¢ Cognitive Skills – This helps children develop math skills such as counting, comparison of lengthRead MoreMan3240 Exam 2 Study Guide4273 Words   |  18 PagesCreativity in Decision making Creativity: ability to produce novel and useful ideas Creative potential – we all have it, we just need to learn how to unleash it 3 component model of creativity: the proposition that individual creativity requires expertise, creative thinking skills and the intrinsic task motivation * Expertise – the foundation for all creative work. Inspirations. * Creative thinking skills – encompasses personality characteristics associated with creativity, the abilityRead MoreCreation vs. Evolution Essay2251 Words   |  10 PagesCreation vs. Evolution There has always been a conflict between the religious world and the scientific world. Whether it be when science first challenged that the earth was not the center of the universe as dictated by the Church, or when it was discovered that the earth was round rather than flat. Both these theories today are widely accepted and the rest of society generally ridicules any persons that believe the earth is the center of the universe or that the worldRead MoreThe Mind of a Marketing Manager26114 Words   |  105 PagesThinking: The mind of a marketing genius Thinking: The mind of a marketing genius * Where are the best opportunities for your business today? How do you stand out in crowded markets? How do you deliver the best solutions for customers, and the best returns to shareholders? * Where should you focus amidst this complexity? What is your competitive advantage? Which markets, brands, products and customers should you prioritize in order to maximize value creation? Read MoreKnowledge Management And Artificial Intelligence4675 Words   |  19 PagesContents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Key Components of Knowledge Management 4 Components of Knowledge Management 5 a. Knowledge 5 b. People 5 c. Processes 6 d. Technology 7 How Artificial Intelligence improves Knowledge Management 8 Knowledge Management vs. Intelligence/Collaboration Tools 11 Organizational Knowledge 12 Filtering of Information by Artificial Intelligence 14 Using Knowledge Resource in Improving the Economic Performance of a Corporation 15 KM Techniques Strategies 17 Impacts of KM withRead MoreHr Model6858 Words   |  28 Pagestransactional work so can’t do the strategic element or they are overwhelmed by the sheer volume of initiatives coming out of the Centre who fail to prioritise effectively. Splitting HR into three parts can create boundary disputes, a lack of joined up thinking and communication gaps. At best there is duplication, things fall through the gaps or there is a lack of coordination. At worst it can even result in open warfare between people in different parts of the model destroying the credibility of the whole

Social Psychology Counterfactual Thinking - 1216 Words

Introduction Regret is classified as a negative feeling. As a general perception people who have regrets are considered to be sorry for any of their actions. However, it should be noted that regret is a different emotion that guilt. Just like many other people, I also have many regrets in life. Some of them are not very important, while the others are significant to me as they continue to affect my life in a negative way. In this paper I shall discuss three of my major regrets in life in context with the counterfactual thinking in social psychology. Counterfactual thinking The literal meaning of counterfactual thinking is the thought process that is contrary to the facts. When a person tries to change the antecedent that actually happened and then analyzes a situation that could have resulted with the changed antecedents, he begins to think how the situation could have turned out to be different than what it is now. For example, when a person survives a road traffic accident, he begins to think how he could have prevented the accident from taking place. He starts to think that if he was not over speeding then he might have not gotten into accident. This is the imagination of a counterfactual situation. Studies have suggested that counterfactual thoughts have the potential to produce negative feelings; nonetheless in rare instances they also produce some beneficial and functional effects (Roese, 1997). When people start having counterfactual thoughts, they also startShow MoreRelatedCounterfactual Thinking and Experiences of Regret1732 Words   |  7 PagesCounterfactual thinking and experiences of regret Introduction Counterfactual thinking is the cognitive process in which individuals can simulate alternative realities, to think about how things could have turned out differently, with statements such as ‘what if’ and ‘if only’. Counterfactuals can be either upward, in which alternative realities are improved, or downward, in which alternative realities are worsened. Reflecting on previous outcomes can make individuals experience regret and thisRead MoreEvaluating Causation When Confronted With Unfavorable Outcomes1743 Words   |  7 Pagesoften dwell on â€Å"what might have been† and wonder about the possible results of having made an alternative choice; we call this process counterfactual thinking (Sanna Chang, 2006). This paper aims to examine how this type of thinking can affect the ways in which we process causation when confronted with unfavorable outcomes. In order to gauge how counterfactual thinking can be affected, we will focus on the factors of gen der and mutability of a situation. According to Epstude and Roese (2008), whenRead MoreCounterfactual Thinking and Its Effects on Well-Being, Satisfaction, and Self –Efficacy2094 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract Studies are examined in relation to counterfactual thinking and how it can ultimately have effects on various self-perceptions and emotions. Satisfaction among students and their grades have been linked with counterfactual thinking (consideration of might-have-been alternatives to reality). Movement of direction is also considered, specifically when considering rape victims and their thoughts of what they could have done to prevent the outcome, presumably leading to self-blame. Self-EfficacyRead MoreEssay about Social-Psychological Principles of the Movie Unforgiven1333 Words   |  6 PagesSocial-Psychological Principles of the Movie Unforgiven Florida Institute of Technology Most movies have different social-psychological principles, however most people are watching movies to be entertained, and not to psychologically analyze them. There are many different principles that would be applicable to the film we are discussing however, I have chosen to analyze three scenes discussing altruism, self-fulfilling prophecy, and counterfactual thinking. Please review the following scenesRead MoreSocial Psychology As A Whole1509 Words   |  7 PagesThis artwork took a lot of thought and I wanted to demonstrate more than just a topic, but rather Social Psychology as a whole. The piece has three aspects, there is a person to the left hand side at a closer look to represent a person as an individual, the mirror with the main person’s reflection on how the individual views themselves and how others would see the main person, then groups of people to the right of the image. This is broken down into groups that the main person associates with, theRead MoreTo Wha t Extent Does Language Influence Thought? Essay2740 Words   |  11 Pagesof Time in English and Mandarin Research by Lera Boroditsky (2001) posed many interesting questions regarding linguistic diversity and the resultant interplay between language and thought: whether linguistic diversity stimulates different ways of thinking, whether learning new languages changes the way one thinks, whether bilingual and multilingual people think differently when speaking different languages. Clark (2003) maintains that although language does not indicate a complete map of consciousnessRead MoreRelationship Between Attributional Style, Information Valence, Likability, And Need For Cognitive Closure1215 Words   |  5 Pagesbetter: Dispositional optimism and pessimism and counterfactual thinking.  Personality Individual Differences,  86, 122-125. Collins, N.L., Miller, L.C. (1994). Self-disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 116(3), 457-475. Goodmon, L. B., Kelly, C., Mauldin, M., Young, K. (2015). Jumping to negative impressions: The relationship between pessimism, information valence, and likability.  North American Journal of Psychology,  17(3), 485-508. Hargie, O. (2006). The handbookRead MorePysch Exam Chapter 811814 Words   |  48 PagesClark, who examines how people encode information from the environment d. All three scientists could be considered cognitive psychologists Answer: d; Moderate 5. According to your text, the cognitive approach became the most important school of psychology in the ____. a. 1940s b. 1950s c. 1960s d. 1970s Answer: c; Moderate 6. Which of these statements does NOT accurately identify a general difference between computers and the human brain? a. Computers process information in a parallel fashionRead MoreAn Examination of How Training and Development Initiatives in an Organization Can Impact on Employees’ Performance and Work Morale1851 Words   |  8 PagesJ.A., LePine, J.A., and Noe, R.A. (2000), ‘Toward an Integrative Theory of Training Motivation: A Meta-Analytic Path Analysis of 20 Years of Research.’ Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(5), 678–707. 5. Epstude, K., amp; Roese, N. J. (2008). The Functional Theory of Counterfactual Thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 168–192. 6. Fischer, G.W., and Nunn, N.P. (1992). ‘Nonmonetary Incentives: It Can be Done.’ Journal of Management in Engineering, 8(1), 40–52. 7. MihiotisRead MoreAnalysis Of Sapir Whorf And Benjamin Lee Whorf1867 Words   |  8 Pageslinguistic relativism. This is the belief that the language which we speak directly influences how we comprehend the world around us. Sapir (1949) writes of his belief that Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of

Econ 101 Free Essays

Economics: intro †¢Economic questions arise bc we want more than we can get. †¢Inability to satisfy want: scarcity †¢Incentives: rewards that encourage action or penalties that discourage action. †¢Economics studies the allocation of scarce recourses among people †¢Alfred marshell (1842-1924) shaped macro economics †¢Joan robinson: â€Å" the main reason to study econ is to avoid being fooled by it Two main parts: A) Microeconomics: studying the choice of individual decision makers. We will write a custom essay sample on Econ 101 or any similar topic only for you Order Now And how they interact in markets B) macroeconomics: how the overall economy performs. 2 big questions 1. What, how and for whom do goods and services get produced? 2. When do choices made in self interest align with the social interest? Answer 1) †¢what: goods and services are objects that people value and are produced to satisfy human wants †¢how: factors of production. A) Land: natural recourses. B) labour: work time effort. â€Å"quality of labour† (human capital). C) capital: tools, equipment, machines, computers, buildings.. D) entrepreneurship: human resource hat organizes the above. †¢For whom: who gets good: services depends on the incomes people earn. oLand=rent oLabour=wages oCapital=interest oEntrepreneurship=profit Answer 2) †¢We make choices in self interest oChoices you think are best for you †¢Choices that are best for society are said to be in the â€Å"social interest† oUses resources efficiently oDistributes goods â€Å"fairly† When does self-interest align with social interest? (important) †¢Environmental issues †¢Bad corporate responsibility The â€Å"Economic† way of thinking Choice under scarcity = trade offs Opportunity cost: the highest valued alternative that you give up to get something. Choices at the â€Å"margin† †¢We look at the tradeoffs â€Å"at the margin† Marginal benefit (MB): benefit from an incremental increase in an activity. Marginal cost (MC): opportunity cost from an incremental increase in an activity. People respond to incentives MBMC= do more of an activity MB does less of an activity Lesson 2 Recap: †¢Economics oMicro oMacro †¢2 big question owhat, how, for whom oself interest vs social interest †¢opportunity cost otrade-offs †¢thinking at the â€Å"margin† Lesson 2 Water vs. diamonds Water: essential but almost costless Diamonds: not essential but very costly What is value? What gives things value? Labour theory of value: the value of a commodity is proportional to the amount of labour that goes into it. Abandoned: ex. Cement lifejacket Economists think about value differently: 1. the value of something is what you’re willing to give up to get it. 2. Economists think about marginal value instead of total value. Water is plentiful= marginal value low Diamonds are scarce= marginal value high Positive and normative statements Positive: statements of facts about observable data Normative: statements about what ought to be. Value judgments Ex. 20% of teens smoke†¦ Positive: †¢Are you more likely to smoke if your parents do? †¢Does living location affect likelihood of smoking? †¢Are smoking rates different across education levels? †¢Self reported reasons for smoking Do prices affect smoking rates? Normative: †¢Kids shouldn’t smoke Cause and effect: Just because two things happen together doesn’t mean that one causes the other. Ex: ice cream sales deaths by drowning †¢Both related to temperature Economists try to unscramble cause and effect by building models. Model: a purposeful simplification of the real world. Ex: paper airplane Simplification. Learn about: aerodynamics, wind structure†¦ Cant learn about: thrust, fuel capacity, engines†¦ Maps are models: Subway map †¢Lines †¢Stops Doesn’t show curves or turns Road map †¢Street names †¢Turns/curves Satellite photo †¢Adds detail Graphs: Reveal relationships between variables 3 main types: 1. Time series 2. Cross sectional 3. Scatter plots Lesson 3 Recap: water/diamonds†¦ Value: what you’re willing to give up to get something †¢Positive vs normative †¢Cause effect oModels †¢Graphs in economics The Economic problem †¢Production possibilities frontier (ppf) Model: focus on tradeoffs between 2 goods. (holding other goods constant) PPF shows boundary between what we can produce and what is unattainable Building a PPF: First good: â€Å"numbers† Ex. X + 3=7 Second good: â€Å"words† Our PPF for X’s words EX. In textbook PFF’s show marginal cost. opportunity cost of producing one more unit† Preferences marginal benefit †¢your â€Å"likes† and dislikes marginal benefit: what your willing to give up to get an additional unit of something what does MB look like? Principle: the more you have of a good, the less you’re willing to pay for an additional unit. Allocative efficiency: $ up the left side of graph, pizza across the bottom. MC is a positive incline, MB is a negative decline at pt Awe have allocative efficiency. We cant produce more of any one godd without giving up some other good that we value more highly lesson 4 recap: †¢allocative efficiency (MB=MC) Economic growth isn’t free 2 key factors †¢Technological change oresearch and development †¢Capital accumulation oDevote resources to production of capital Both require resources that could be used for current consumption †¢Economic growth doesn’t eliminate scarcity †¢Opportunity cost of growth is reduced current consumption Consuming outside your PPF. †¢Gains from trade Imagine if you produced everything you consume†¦(â€Å"Autarky†) Producing one (or a few) goods and trading with others is called â€Å"specialization† Gains from specialization come from exploiting â€Å"comparative advantage† Absolute Advantage: More productive at something Comparative Advantage: Producing at a lower opportunity cost Ex: textbook smoothie bar example†¦ On lined paper Liz: absolute advantage in smoothies. And comparative advantage in smoothies Joe: no absolute advantage but comparative advantage in salads Where does Comparative advantage come from? †¢Over time people or countries can develop comparative advantage through repeated production. â€Å"learning by doing† (dynamic Comparative advantage) Economic Coordination? †¢Who organizes all this? Centrally planned economy: USSR, china†¦ Decentralized market system: most countries Decentralized markets rely on 4 institutions†¦ON MIDTERM . Firms: hire and organize factors of production 2. Markets: any arrangement that connects buyers and sellers 3. Property Rights: social arrangements that govern ownership and use 4. Money: any commodity or token that is generally accepted as a means of payment Markets coordinate economic activity through price adjustments. L esson 5 Demand and supply In a market system, economic coordination happens through price adjustment Competitive markets: many buyers and many sellers †¢Prices determine the rate at which goods can be exchanged Money Price: number of dollars Relative price: $price of one good relative to another Ex: coffee:$2, gum$1 (Money), one coffee costs 2 gums Demand: different than â€Å"want† †¢To demand something you must: a. Want it b. Be able to afford it c. Plan to buy it Law of demand: holding everything else equal, the higher the price of the good the lower the quantity demanded 2 effects cause this: a. Income effect: when price increases, your money doesn’t buy as much b. Substitution effect: when a price increases people substitute to purchasing other goods Ways of representing demand: a. Demand schedule b. Demand curve: When the price of this good changes we move along the demand curve Changes in Demand: when things other than the price of the good change, the demand curve shifts. Things that shift demand: †¢Nature †¢Quality †¢Tastes/preferences †¢Income †¢Price of other goods oComplements: consume these goods together (Ex. Shoes, always need both) oSubstitutes: consume one or the other †¢Expected future prices †¢Population Supply: a firm supplies a good if it†¦ a. Has the resources and technology to produce it b. Can profit from producing it c. Plans to produce and sell it Law of supply: holding everything else equal, the higher the price of a good, the more is supplied The supply curve: IN binder Example Changes in Supply: †¢Input prices †¢Prices of related goods produced †¢Expected future prices †¢Number of suppliers †¢Technology †¢nature Lesson 6 Market Equilibrium Equilibrium: a state where opposing forces balance each other †¢consists of a market price and quantity Changes in equilibrium (pg 74) 1. French fry demand 2. Market for cocaine 3. Market for kitchen sinks 4. Market for barrels of crude oil 5. Market for fresh orange juice Midterm exam review †¢20 multiple choice †¢2 short answers †¢Multiple choice worth 2points †¢Short answers worth 10 †¢Exam worth 60 †¢Chapters 1-3 Ch 1 †¢What is microeconomics Scarcity and tradeoffs †¢What is value †¢2 big questions owhat how and for whom oself interest vs. social interest †¢positive vs normative statements †¢graphs in econ Ch 2 †¢ppf and opportunity cost †¢marginal benefit and marginal cost †¢allocative efficienc y †¢growth †¢specialization and trade †¢absolute and comparative advantage †¢economic coordination Ch3 †¢demand curve (law of demand) †¢movement along vs shifts of the demand curve †¢factors that shift the demand curve †¢supply curve (law of supply) †¢movement along vs shifts of the supply curve †¢factors that shift the supply curve †¢equilibrium pg 74, 75 changes in equilibrium Lesson 7 October 11, 2011 Modeling demand 1. Demand schedule (table) 2. Demand curve (picture) 3. Demand equation Ex: in notebook In general: P=a-bQ. (a and b are some numbers) A: vertical intercept B: absolute value of slope Modeling supply* 1. G 2. G 3. Modeling equilibrium †¢At equilibrium price (P) quantity demanded equals quantity supplied Equilibrium quantity Q Ex: finding equilibrium Demand: p=800-2Q Supply: P=200+Q †¢Make the right hand side of each equation equal 800-2Q=200+Q 600=3Q 200=Q Elasticity (Ch 4) Law of demand: when price inc reases quantity demanded falls This gives us direction Elasticity measures how much demand changes Ex: Good X †¢Price increases by 1$ †¢Demand drops by 100 unts Good Y †¢Price increases 200$ †¢Demand drops by 1000 units Cant compare the 2! In order to compare goods we need a measure of responsiveness Price of elasticity demand= % change in quantity demanded over % change in price Ex: ticket price 21$- 9tickets/hr 19$-11 tickets/hr Find elasticity of demand 1. % change in quantity =change in Q =2/(over) 10 (from 9 to 11) over Average Q Fuck it. In notebook What does elasticity number mean? In notebook Lesson 8 Elasticity of demand = % change in quantity demanded/ over % change in price If elasticity is 1 elastic Tuesday October 18, 2011 What affects elasticity? 1. Closeness of substitutes 2. Proportion of income spent on a good 3. Time since price change Other Elasticities 1. Cross elasticity = %change in demand for x % change of price of good Y if X Y are: Substitutes: positive Complements: negative 2. Income elasticity = %change in demand %change in income bigger than 1: income elastic. As income increases demand increases a lot Between 0 1: income inelastic. Income increases, demand increases by a little Negative: inferior good. Income increases, demand decreases Elasticity of Supply = % Change in quantity supplied % Change in price What affects supply elasticity? 1. Resources substitutions possibilities 2. Time frame for supply decisions Efficiency and Equity (Ch5) Markets are one way of allocating goods Do they do a good job? A. Efficiency (do the goods go to those that value them the most? ) B. Fairness Ex. X pins†¦ how should we allocate them? 1. Contest: 5 highest grades Ex sports, performance bonuses Pros: †¢May encourage effort Cons: †¢Goods may not go to those people that value them the most 2. First come, first serve: first 5 people to show up get them Ex: walk in clinics Pro: †¢People who value the good highly will line up early Con: †¢May get allocated to those with a low opportunity cost of their time 3. Command System: I decide who gets them Ex: how tasks get allocated inside a firm Pro: †¢May work well when tasks/people are familiar and authority well defined Con: †¢ I can’t tell who values the good the most 4. Lottery: draw names from a hat. Ex. Dorm rooms Pros: †¢Fair†¦everyone gets an equal shot Cons: †¢No reason to expect that high value people will get the good 5. Majority rule vote Ex, voting politicians Pro: everyone gets an equal say Con: special interest group 6. Personal characteristics If you have a brown belt Ex. Relationships Pros: may work if characteristic highly related to value people have for the good Cons: discrimination 7. Force: everybody fights Ex organized crime/war Cons: strongest might not value the highest Pros: Force can work well in the background oCourts can forcibly reallocate goods 8. Market Mechanism oWhoever is willing to pay the price gets the good Pros: people who have high values are willing to pay more and are more likely to get it Cons: people might not have enough money Tuesday October 18, 2011 Midterm #2 November 3 (Ch 4,5,6) †¢Demand and supply †¢Elasticity (ch 4) †¢Efficiency and equity (ch 5) Obstacles to efficiency †¢Price and quantity regulations (gov’t actions) †¢Taxes and subsidies (gov’t actions) Externalities: your actions impose costs or benefits on others Ex. Smoking. A person might take into account only their own personal benefits and costs but ignore social costs. (second and smoke) OR. Pollution. Firm doesn’t account for external social cost that its production creates. Public Goods A. Consumption by one person doesn’t â€Å"use up† the good. B. Anyone can consume the good without paying Ex: lighthouse: people want to use these goods without paying. â€Å"freeriding†. These are usually under provided Monopoly: a single firm sets the market price †¢Price is higher, quantity is lower Fairness 1. Utilitarianism, (Jeremy bentham, John Stuart mill) †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Greatest Happiness for the greatest number† †¢people are roughly the same †¢the marginal value of money is lower when you have more of it †¢Redistribute wealth to achieve equality (tax rich, subsidize poor) Problems: A) taxing income: less income generation (work) B) taxing capital: less capital produced (slower growth) C) costs in administering taxes (more fair but size of the â€Å"pie shrinks) 2. Rawls: theory of Justice †¢Fairness of society judged by the well being of the person who is poorest †¢(Equal shares of a small pie) may be worse than (unequal shares of a larger pie) 3. Fairness in Rules, not outcomes †¢Emphasis on equality of opportunity Robert Nozick A. Strong private property rights B. Private property should only be transferred through voluntary exchange Problems: A. No room for redistribution after the fact B. No taxes or government since these aren’t voluntary Government Actions in Markets (Ch 6) Price ceiling: gov’t regulations that makes it illegal to charge a price higher than some specified level †¢Set above equilibrium price= no effect †¢Set below equilibrium price= Example in notebook Black market †¢Illegal market in which price is higher than price ceiling †¢Graph in notebook †¢ Thursday October 27, 2011 20 m/c few short answer midterm review: †¢Note on demand on supply equations (end of ch 3) †¢Elasticity (Ch 4) know how to calculate and know what it is †¢Efficiency and equity (Ch 5) *consmer and producer surplus †¢Government actions in markets (Ch 6) Price ceilings oPrice flooring oTaxes Price Floors: Mandatory minimum price Ex. Minimum wage Graph in notebook †¢Unemployment increases search costs †¢More power to firms in hiring decisions †¢Black markets oEx. Illegal labour markets where people are paid below the min wage oIn notebook Taxes: When the government taxe s a good the price paid by consumers and the price received by producers are now different Ex. Gov’t puts a $5 (per unit) tax on producers In notebook Tuesday November 1, 2011 Midterm Thursday Material: 1. Note on demand and supply equations. (end of Ch 3) 2. Elasticity (Ch4) †¢Price elasticity Elasticity and total revenue (figure 4. 5 in text) †¢Cross elasticity and income elasticity †¢Supply elasticity 3. Efficiency and equity (Ch 5) †¢Alternative allocation methods †¢Consumer and producer surplus †¢Efficiency of equilibrium †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"fairness† 4. Government Actions (Ch 6) †¢Price ceilings †¢Price floors †¢Taxes Tuesday November 14, 2011 Global Markets Many of the goods and services you consume aren’t produced in Canada Ex. Iphones (all over), clothes (china), tech support (india) †¢Part of the globalization process oImports: goods we buy from other countries oExports: goods we sell to other countries Global Imports: Exports in 2008 =$35 trillion Canada: †¢exports: $535 billion. Agriculture, forestry, energy, mining, machinery, automotive, aircraft †¢Imports: $503 billion In binder example Tariffs: a tax imposed by the importing country on goods that come from another country Arguments for protection 1. Infant industry Argument †¢We need to protect domestic industries when they start so that they can mature enough to compete on world markets. †¢Develop comparative advantage †¢Everyone can argue this 2. Barriers to trade to protect jobs. †¢Trade costs jobs †¢There isn’t a â€Å"fixed number of jobs† †¢Trade also creates jobs How to cite Econ 101, Essay examples

The Importance of Marketing to Organisations in the Twenty-First Century free essay sample

The Importance of Marketing to Organisations in the Twenty-First Century Nintendo Co. Ltd ‘Marketing is a social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and values with others. ’ When most people think of marketing, they think of selling, distributing and advertising, as we are daily swamped with sale calls, Internet pop-ups, and television commercials. Although these tactics of marketing are true, they are ineffective with no the sound basis of knowledge about the market, the environment, and most importantly having a solid understanding of how customers behave, their motivation for purchase, their awareness and their preferences. All these strategies must be integrated to ensure that an organisation is successful in its operations. Nintendo Co. , Ltd. is a toy and home entertainment company that is famous worldwide for its popular home video games and revolutionary consoles. Nintendo has changed the concept of home entertainment all over the world. 1 Nintendo design, manufacture and manufacture a wide range of products ranging from the revolutionary battery-operated Game-Boy in the 1980’s, the Game Cube, and Super Mario Bros to name a few. Nintendo’s current line-up of video game systems includes the Nintendo DS Lite and Wii. Nintendo continues to create its unique software by ensuring that the ‘hardware and software are created with only one goal in mind, an enjoyable playing experience for all’. This approach has allowed Nintendo to produce products and characters beloved by people around the world. Marketing has become extremely important in the 21st century due to the changes in our modern society, where buyers and markets have become too diverse and complex to have one simple marketing strategy to meet the needs of them all. This is due to cultural changes and technological advancements, which has created a market that is fragmented. This change has been evident in Nintendo, as over the past two decades, the video game industry has grown ‘exceedingly, with annual sales rivalling box office eceipts for the movie industry’3. Therefore we can see that marketing is essential to Nintendo as due to the changes in their market size they have had to implement a strategy to persuade people from all over the world to play video games regardless of age, gender, culture, and even lifestyle. In order to understand the current significance of marketing to Nintendo, and other organisations we have to progress away from our prior understanding of marketing and move towards the new sense of ‘satisfying customer needs’. Figure 1. 0 Selling can only take place after the product has been produced; it is a forceful approach, which focuses on maximising profits through sales volume. On the contrary, marketing is instigated long before the company has even made the product. Marketing is an Integrated Plan, which includes product, price, promotion and distribution, backed up by a satisfactory environmental assessment, consumer research, and opportunity analysis with emphasis of maximising profits through customer satisfaction. During the 1960’s to the 1980’s Nintendo was a company that was product-led, it began a drive towards diversification and innovation, which eventually led to it becoming a household word in the late 1980s. They did this so that they could break in to the gaming industry and reduce their risks by having various products in their product line. However, Nintendo is a company, which has always been at the top of their game, even back then they understood that the success of marketing lies with the customers. An example of this can be found when they entered the United States, where the ‘of the U. S. home video industry had plummeted from a $3 billion peak in 1983 to a $100 million trough in 1985’5. However, Nintendo test marketed its games during the slum and found that the problems were caused by an excess of uninspiring, low-quality games therefore they took Seize of this opportunity and introduced sophisticated software to gain customer loyalty and enthusiasm. In order to look at how Nintendo’s marketing has changed in the 21st century, the core concepts of marketing will be taken into consideration and how Nintendo delivers value in each concept to those affected by its transaction. Figure 1. 1 The concept of ‘needs, wants and demands’ defines how individuals are influenced culturally and socially to satisfy a need which is not currently met. The demand is when the customers have necessary resources to obtain their wants. The second concept, ‘marketing offers’ are the value propositions companies offer ‘to satisfy human needs or demands’. The third concept of ‘value and satisfaction’ looks at how the product has satisfied consumer’s needs and it has met their expectations. This all leads to the fourth and fifth concept of ‘exchange, transactions and relationships’ leading to ‘markets’ where actual and potential buyers of the product, who have similar needs and wants meet. Nintendo has integrated these concepts of marketing in the 21st century to move away from the selling concept to the marketing concept. Think about the Nintendo Wii, which is outselling its rivals Playstation3, and the Xbox 360, the reason for this lies in Nintendo understanding consumer behaviour. Nintendo looked at how people who were not interested in consoles spent their time. Through market research they found that those people preferred to do sociable/physical activities, so they produced a physical product that requires a lot of exercise to play it. Thus their market offering of the Wii bundled the social activities of these groups, into one simple to use console. Through modern marketing approach of customer-led innovation they have given their customers value and satisfaction to ensure that they can but relationships with customers so that they become and remain loyal to Nintendo for the long-term. To understand the key concepts better and how firm must find ways to discover unfulfilled customer needs and brings products to the market to satisfy those needs can be understood by looking at the marketing process: Diagram2. 0 Situation Analysis Managers need information to determine customer-buying decisions so that they can tailor products to meet unfulfilled needs. The organisation also needs to examine the external (macro-environment) and the internal (microenvironment) environment so that they can meet opportunities and avoid threats. There are several frameworks that can be used to add structure to the situation analysis, however, the SWOT (strength, weakness, threats and opportunities) analysis will be used to assess the, most relevant problems and opportunities of Nintendo and how well equipped they are to deal with them. In regards to Nintendo, we have already seen that by analysing the market they have been able to find a gap in the market. However this is not enough for Nintendo as with only three main companies; Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo, the video gaming industry is highly competitive as the product life cycle of a console is about four to five years. 6 They must ensure that they offer different selections of innovative products, and features of their units, as threats of substitution and rivalry amongst the competitors is high. This is also due to the development of the ‘Digital age’ and the ‘Explosion of the Internet’ where kids can now play their friends on their PC’s. This is a main threat, is often unlicensed as a result companies such as Nintendo will need to take legal action which can lead to additional cost to the company. The weakness of the video gaming industry is that they do not appeal to older people and females. However, Nintendo have taken seize of this opportunity with the launch of the Nintendo DS which is designed for older demographics as well as females aged 5-17years old female gamers. Nintendo can match its own capability with the opportunities in order to satisfy customer needs better than the competition by implementing a ‘marketing strategy’. This is the second element of the marketing process, this is a three-way process of segmentation, targeting and positioning. Figure 2. 1 There has been a move from mass marketing to target marketing as buyers differ in wants needs and resources. Mass marketing is when the company treats the whole market as homogeneous group but offering the same product, promotion and distribution for all customers. Target marketing is when the total market is divided in to smaller segments, where products are developed to meet the characteristics of each segment. Segmentation is when the target market is divided in to smaller pieces based on meaningful and shared characteristics. Targeting is the evaluation of market segments to decide which to go for; an organisation must do this because they can not effectively serve all segments in the market. Positioning is developing a market strategy, which tries to influence how a particular market segment perceives a good or service compared to the competition. There are two ways to implement you position, by having a Unique Selling Point or by having an Emotional Selling Point so your product has a unique association to the customer compared to your competitors. The gaming industry is expanding for various ages, namely the older generation and even more rapidly for various ages within the female population. As you can see (figure 2. 1), Nintendo largely dominates the hand-held gaming industry for the male population between the ages of 5-17, however there is still a large gap in gaming as a whole. Figure 2. 2 Nintendo has adopted demographic segmentation. They have decided to target girls between the ages of 5-17 with their Nintendo Dogs and people over the age of 45 with their Brain Age Series on the Nintendo DS. The Brain Age series is said to ‘improve mental agility and even slow the onset of dementia and Alzheimers disease 7’ Targeting older gamers is proving a smart move by Nintendo as software makers are also trying to wean themselves off the shrinking teen market. However, Nintendo will have the advantage by being the only player in the market, thus having the ease of use, as they will not need to use aggressive discounts and to share the market with your competitors. Over the last century the demographics have changed dramatically; as about 20% of Japans 127 million people are 65 and older, and the number is expected to rise to almost 26% by 20158. This has added to the success of Nintendo, as without integrating the various elements of the Marketing Process they would not have been able to find this gap and sell millions of their products to segments which have been largely excluded. Another benefit of targeting the older demographics is very profitable segment as they have a higher purchasing power than teenagers and what is more important about this segment is that they are less likely to get pirate games. Nintendo success also lies in their use of differentiated targeting strategy. This is when one or more products are developed for several customer groups, this is extremely important for Nintendo as their customers are choosing amongst brands that are well known. Nintendo has chosen to position itself as a kid friendly brand to build strong relationships with the gamers as well as the parents. For example Nintendo’s approach to selling its new Wii games console, their guests were working women with families. These were women with a big say in the family decision-making, who could be persuaded of the family-friendly advantages of the games. 9 This illustrates that Nintendo have taken in to consideration the changes in our society where there is an increasing influence of mothers decision on family purchases. Figure 2. 3 Having this perception of the company is useful as it’s mainly the parents who purchase games for their children; as a result parents are more likely to buy products that are suitable for the whole family. This is incredibly important to modern marketing, as one of the functions of modern marketing is to ensure that your products improve both societies and customers well being. This is emphasised by the societal marketing process: The model argues that the pure marketing concept overlooks possible conflicts between short-term consumer wants and long-term individual and societal welfare. Figure 2. 410 Nintendo has recognised their responsibility and by offering educational and non-violent games thus, they can project a good image of the company, and thus gain a competitive advantage over their competitors, for example Grand Theft Auto has been widely criticised for being too violent. Furthermore, Nintendo uses various positioning strategies such as emphasising their product attributes and benefits offered, by allowing people to exercise their mind and body, to stay young and healthy. This also benefits the society, as the population of the UK is increasingly becoming over weight, therefore this allows people to have fun and loose weight. This integration of their marketing strategies helps keep their title for being the dominators of handheld gaming for kids, and also allow them to be market leaders in the future for products aimed at the female market segment. The third process of the marketing process is developing the ‘marketing mix’ which consists of the 4 P’s. This is everything a firm does to influence customers to purchase their products. Product Products are anything that is offered to the market for acquisition, use or consumption which may satisfy a need or want. 11 There are three levels of a product, and a company needs to ensure that needs are met on each of these levels. I will use the Wii as an example to illustrate how Nintendo meet the needs on each level. Figure 3. 0 Core product: The core benefits that consumers are really buying when they obtain a product. The core product is not the tangible, physical product as this is the benefit of the product that makes it valuable to you. For example the ease of use such as Wii sports allows women, children and seniors to take part, as games such as bowling only takes minutes to master. The wireless controller of the Wii allows users feel as if though they are actually playing the game. Although the Wii doesnt boast all the features and processing firepower of its rivals, its easy-to-use controller will gives it an edge. Actual Product: A products parts, quality level, features, design, brand ame, packaging and other attributes that combine to deliver core product benefits. Nintendo Wii is an actual product. Its name, parts, styling, features, packaging and other attributes have all been combined carefully to deliver the core benefit, which is a convenient and unique social gaming experience for the whole family. One of the main elements of the actual product is the branding. A brand is defined a s a name, term, symbol or design, or a combination of these, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from the competitors12. Branding is a vital part of a product, and it can be used as a differentiating, functional legal and symbolic device, it shows sign of ownership and can also be used as a risk reducer. Branding is especially important in the case of Nintendo, as they need to differentiate themselves from the competitors. Having a strong brand will allow them to create a unique position in the market as customers will believe that only they can provide certain benefits as a result customers will be willing to pay premium and refuse substitutes. Augmented Products: Additional consumer services and benefits built around the core and actual products. The Wii case it comes with consumer warranty, online support and help around the clock along with a free support number. In addition by being an international brand in a global market they are able to standardise their products and ‘sell in all national markets the same kind of products sold at home, or in their largest export market. ’ 13 this allows for Nintendo to keep the prices of their consoles low as they do not have to change and adapt their offerings every time they enter a new market. Price Price is the value customers give up or exchange to obtain a desired product. Pricing is important to marketing, as it is the only part of the marketing mix that brings in profit for the company. Nintendo’s products are innovative and provide benefits that competitors can not provide, therefore there are two pricing strategy they can take: Market skimming: using a high price, where there is uniqueness about the product over competition in order to generate maximum profit. Market Penetration: where Prices are initially set low, in order to gain market share. Figure 3. 1 Nintendo has used penetration pricing, as it has priced the Wii nearly ? 100 pound cheaper than it rival Playstation3. It has been able to do by having no HD, no DVD, no Dolby 5. 1, low processor speed compared to the Playstaion3, however, by having a strong value for innovation they have ensured that they do not loose out on sales. Promotion This is how the product is communicated to potential and existing customers. Marketing communication can take many forms from television commercials to blinking messages in football stadiums. Therefore it is essential that all part of the marketing communication to be integrated through a well co-ordinated marketing promotional programme. 14 This is essential as it ensures that a consistent, persuasive and unified message is projected to the customer. In order to ensure that effective communication can be carried out, a company must have a clear target audience, decide on which response is sought and determine which stage of the buyer readiness stage the consumer is at. Figure 4. 0 the Buyer readiness Stages. Awareness is when the communicator needs to build up awareness of the product through simple name recognition method so that customers will purchase the products. Nintendo created awareness designing an innovative Digital poster which is controlled and updated from Nintendo’s Head Office. 15 The technology allows for new promotional messages to be delivered to all stores remotely and in less than 10 seconds. This has allowed Nintendo to send a unified message to all customers and thus ensuring that their strategies are integrated. This shows that Nintendo have truly embraced the revolutionary impact of the internet as a result they are able to re-act quickly to competitive campaign and unforeseeable events, furthermore thy can re-enforce brand messages at the point of purchase to increase awareness and influence buying decisions. Other promotional strategies Nintendo use is the pull and push strategy. Figure 4. 1 Nintendos uses the push strategy to promote its products; this is where higher profit margins for retailers are used to encourage stores to promote a certain product. Nintendo will use celebrities such as Nicole Kidman to advertise their products, thus developing an attitude amongst its target audience that the product is a fashion statement or a lifestyle alternative; as a result this product has become desirable amongst its customers. Stores can push products by displaying the Wii more prominently on shelves and putting up special demo kiosks and supplementary display materials (as shown below). Wii displayed prominently in retail out-let. Demo kiosk of the Wii in retail out-let. However, Nintendo also use the pull strategy whereby the idea is to make the product seem more desirable to consumers first, through massive advertising and promotion by the manufacturer, which will then translate into customers going into the store and demanding that product Figure 4. 2 This strategy was used for the Wii as they are struggling to meet consumer demand for the Wii as the console continues to sell out at retail just as quickly as it arrives. 16 As a result customers will be demanding for the retailer to stock the Wii. Place The final element of the mix is Place. This is the distribution channel/ method the firm uses to make their products available to the final customer. It is critical for firms to be able to manage their distribution cannel as it ensure that products and services are delivered at the right time, right place and the right price. Most businesses use intermediaries to bring their products to market as Producers normally supply a narrow range of products in large quantities; however Consumers want a broad range of products in small quantities. In the marketing channels, intermediaries buy large quantities from many manufacturers and break them down into smaller quantities and broader assortments wanted by consumer, in order to match supply and demand. Figure 5. 0 Channel 1 is called a direct-marketing channel, since it has no intermediary levels. In this case the manufacturer sells directly to customers. For example Nintendo selling their products to the final customer through their website. The remaining channels are indirect-marketing channels. For example in channel 2 it contains one intermediary (retailer). An example of this is Nintendo selling to large retailers such as Curry’s and Dixons, who then sells it to the final customer. The final stage of the marketing process is implementation and control. This occurs after the marketing plan has been completed and the product has been launched and offered to the market. The company takes feedback of the product form customers and by making a competitor marketing analysis. As result the marketing mix can be adjusted if needed to maintain or sustain competitive advantage. Nintendo are constantly respond to what their consumers are saying about their products, furthermore they have frequently asked questions section and advice pages on their website, thus providing personal relationships with their consumers. Marketing in the 21st century Changes in technology have revolutionised marketing, due to the rise of E-business/marketing/commerce, globalisation and social groups. As a result a new marketing is needed for a new kind of society. This has created the notion of relationship marketing where companies are using he internet to tailor products as closely as possible to each individual’s unique needs. Relationship marketing views ‘the consumer as a highly active agent’ unlike the traditional approach which perceives the consumer as ‘passive and receptive object’. 17 . Nintendo have embraced these changes and changed the ways in the way they sell their products, ranging from internet to retail stores, whilst constantly updating their website to keep customers informed. Nintendo have embracing the changes the changes in the marketing environment and trying to build a long-term relationship with customers. For example Nintendo are planning to allow the Wii to stay connected to the Internet in a mode that allows activation on a 24-hour basis form Nintendo. This would allow Nintendo to send monthly promotional demos for the DS, to the Wii consoles in each household. The key merit here is having promotional material delivered to our homes, instead of having to go collect it themselves and it also keeps the company and the customer connected. In conclusion, it is evident that marketing is essential for success in the 21st century where our society culture and values are changing very fast. Marketing allows for a business to understand consumers, and it allows for the company to get feedback so they can understand who and why consumers reject or accept your product. Marketing allows for a business to understand that in the 21st century building relationships outside the sales context is crucial. Giving customers the capability to relate with you as a brand, rather than a business, will offer opportunities to bring those customers close, but to get the most value out of this it is crucial that each customer can direct and define their communications with you.